作业: 【 主谓一致 】 1. 语法一致的原则 2. 意义一致的原则 3. 邻近一致的原则 【名师点睛】 谓语受主语支配,须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这叫做主谓一致。 主谓 一致一般遵循三条原则:语法一致原则,意义一致原则和就近一致原则。 1. 语法一致的原则 ( 1 )以单数名词或代词,动词不定式短语 作主 语时,谓语动词要用单数 ; 主语为复数时,谓语用复数,例如: He goes to school early every morning. The children are playing outside. To work hard is necessary for a student. ( 2 )由 and 或 both......and 连接的并列成分 作主 语时,谓语动词用复数。例如: Both he and I are right. Mr . Black and Mrs . Black have a son called Tom. 但并列主语如果指的是同一人,同一事物或同一概念,谓语动词用单数。例如: His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl. The poet and writer has come. ( 3 )由 and 连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由 each, every 修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如: In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. Each man and each woman is asked to help. ( 4 )主语是单数时,尽管后面跟有 but ,except, besides, with 等介词短语,谓语动词仍用单数。例如: The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum. Nobody but two boys was late for class. Bread and butter is a daily food in the west. ( 5 ) 一些只有复数形式的名词,如 people, police, cattle, clothes 等 作主 语时,谓语动词要用复数。例如: A lot of people are dancing outside. The police are looking for lost boy. ( 6 )由 each, some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词 作主 语时,谓语动词都用单数。例如: Is everybody ready? Somebody is using the phone. ( 7 )有两部分构成的物体的名词,如 glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等 作主 语时,谓语动词用复数。例如: Where are my shoes? I can’t find them. Your trousers are dirty. You’d better change them. 如果这类名词前用了 a pair of 等,则往往用作单数,谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于 pair 的单复数形式。例如: Here are some new pairs of shoes. My new pair of socks is on the bed. 2. 意义一致的原则 ( 1 )表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词 作主 语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如: Twenty years is not a long time. Ten dollars is too dear. ( 2 )有些集合名词,如 family, team 等 作主 语时,如作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数;如指其中每个成员,则用复数。例如: My family is big one. My family are watching TV. ( 3 )不定代词由 all, most, more, some, any, none 作主 语时,也要 依这些 代词表示的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果代词代表复数可数名词,谓语动词用复数;如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。例如: All of the work has been finished. All of the people have gone. ( 4 )疑问代词 作主 语时,其谓语动词也有两种情况:主语表示复数意义,谓语动词用复数;主语表示单数意义,则谓语动词用单数。例如: Who is your brother? Who are League members? ( 5 ) “ 分数或百分数 +of+ 名词 ” 构成的词组 作主 语时,其谓语动词要以 of 后面的名词而定。名词是复数,谓语动词用复数:名词是单数,谓语动词用单数。例如: It is said that 35 per cent o f the doctors are women. Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. ( 6 ) half, the rest 等表示不定数量的名词 作主 语时,如果所指为复数意义,动词用复数;如果所指为单数意义,动词用单数。例如: I have read a large part of the book, the rest is more difficult. Only ten students attended the class because all the rest were off sick. ( 7 )由 what 引导地主于从句 作主 语时,通常谓语动词用单数形式。但如果所指内容为复数意义时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如: What she said is correct. What she left me are a few old books. ( 8 )凡是以 “ 定冠词 + 形容词(或分词) ” 作主 语,往往根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果这种主语指的是一类人,谓语动词用复数;如果指的是一个人或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式。例如: The sick have been cured and the lost have been found. The dead is a famous person. 3. 邻近一致的原则 ( 1 )由连词 or, either......or, neither......nor, not only...but also, 等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,则谓语动词按就近一致原则,与最靠近它的主语一致。例如: Either you or I am right. Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it. ( 2 )在 “There be” 句型中 , 谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。 There are two apples and one egg in it. ( 3 ) as well as 和名词连用时 , 谓语动词和第一个名词相一致。 He as well as I is responsible for it. 不但是我,他对这件事也有责任。 ( 4 )以 here 开头的句子,其谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。 Here is a letter and some books for you. 【实例解析】 1. How time fl ies! Ten years ________ passed. A. have B. has C. is D. are 答案: B 。该题考查的是主谓一致。 Ten years 通常被看作是一个时间整体,谓语动词用单数形式。 2. Not only his parents but also his brother ________ to the Summer Palace. They haven’t been back. A. have been B. have gone C. has been D. has gone 答案: D 。该题考查的是主谓一致。如果由 not only...but also 连接两个并列主语,其谓语动词同相邻的主语保持一致,谓语动词应用单数形式。又因为他们还都没有回来,所以用 has gone 而不用 has been 。 3. Neither my father ________ going to see the patient. A. nor I am B. nor I are C. or me are D. or me is 答案 : A 。该题考查的是主谓一致。 Neither...nor 是一组连词,可连接连个并列主语,其谓语动词应同靠近的主语 I 保持一致 , 因此应选 A 。 4. Look! There _______ playing with the tourists on Yinhe Square. A. are a number of deer B. are a number of deers C. is a number of deer D. is a number of deers 答案: A 。该题考查的是主谓一致。这个句子的主语是 a number of deer, 是个复数概念,因此谓语动词应用复数形式。( deer 单复数相同 )
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